Courses

Fall, Winter and Spring Term in one academic year: 3 credits; Fall and Winter Term in one academic year: 2 credits; Fall Term: 1 credit. 

This fun and fast-paced studio-based course is geared toward beginner-level students and athletes looking to learn the fundamentals of dance technique while improving strength, flexibility, agility, stamina, body control and core stability. With a focus on proper alignment, muscle balance and injury prevention, this course draws upon multiple techniques, including ballet, modern dance, core-strengthening Pilates exercises, GYROKINESIS® and yoga to improve balance and coordination, while also exploring musicality and rhythm. Basic anatomy will be introduced to develop an understanding of the function of each muscle group and how it pertains to movement.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 3-credit sequence

Prerequisites: Training in classical ballet, placement class and permission of the Director of Dance.

This course teaches classical ballet techniques at the elementary level. Classes cover barre, center practice and the introduction and further study of pointe work. Students with prior dance training and permission from the Dance Director should enroll in Ballet II. Throughout the year, students may have visiting guest teachers from professional companies in disciplines ranging from classical to modern and contemporary techniques.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Permission of the Director of Dance.

This course teaches classical ballet techniques at the intermediate level. Classes will cover barre, center practice and pointe work. Students develop artistry and classical technique while working toward improving their strength and flexibility and classical technique. Students with a significant background in ballet who are interested in continuing their training at an intensive level will be placed in Ballet III by the Director of Dance. Throughout the year, students may have visiting guest teachers from professional companies in disciplines ranging from classical to modern and contemporary techniques.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Permission of the Director of Dance.

This course teaches classical ballet techniques at an advanced level. Classes cover barre, center practice and pointe work at the advanced level. Students develop artistry and classical technique while working toward improving their strength and flexibility and classical technique. Students with a significant background in ballet who are interested in continuing their training at an intensive level will be placed in Ballet IV by the Director of Dance. Membership in the SPS Ballet Company is a prerequisite for placement at this level. Throughout the year, students may have visiting guest teachers from professional companies in disciplines ranging from classical to modern and contemporary techniques. 

Winter Term: 1 credit

In Animation, students are introduced to the art of the moving image. Projects and techniques include stop-motion animation, hand-drawn animation and flash computer animation. With an emphasis on creativity, students will take their ideas through the full process from concept and storyboarding to building and drawing small sets to shooting to digitally rendering finished GIFs and videos. The course also teaches the history of the art form and incorporates viewing professional animations. Each term will conclude with a presentation of video work for the School in an evening screening.

Fall or Spring Term: 1 credit

In this art appreciation course, students are in-troduced to historical studio practices using the sketchbook as an artist’s tool. The course surveys a broad range of artists and movements, begin-ning with the Renaissance period and leading up to contemporary practices. This course highlights the progression of recordkeeping and historical analysis through the act of journaling, collaging and drawing. Through studio art techniques such as bookmaking and en plein air painting, students analyze their perspective and observation of the natural world to develop visual literacy. Online sources are used to facilitate historical research and image-sourcing needed for each project.

Fall Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Permission of the Director of Dance.

Students in this course learn to use scanning, drawing tablets, the digital camera and various software to create art using computers. Creativity and experimentation are emphasized. Students output their work in a variety of digital media, including large archival inkjet prints. Students in this course are strongly encouraged to continue with Computer Graphics: Web Design.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Students in this course learn the basics of web design and create their own portfolio site as well as sites that are an art form in their own right. They also learn to maintain and remodel existing sites. Students also create new art pieces for use on their sites.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Ceramics 1 is a beginning course that focuses on the exploration and development of fundamental ceramic processes. Through hand-built and wheel-thrown projects, students design and create various ceramics artworks ranging from utilitarian items to sculptural works. In handbuilding, the focus is on pinch, coil and slab methods. In throwing, primary forms are explored. Basic glazing and firing techniques also are presented. Historical and contemporary examples, aesthetics and 3D design principles will be highlighted through demonstrations, lectures and tutorials. Emphasis is placed on understanding the fundamental aspects of three-dimensional form, including shape, texture and color to create original and expressive pieces.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Ceramics 1

Ceramics 2 and 3 are advanced courses that focus on the continued development of fundamental ceramic processes, with emphasis on advanced methods in wheel throwing. More complex technical problems are examined, including throwing of large forms, functional pottery and handbuilt sculpture. Advanced glazing and firing techniques also are presented. Historical and contemporary examples, aesthetics and 3D design principles will be highlighted through demonstrations, lectures and tutorials. Class projects will allow students to practice technique while developing a personal approach to material and process.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Ceramics 2

Ceramics 2 and 3 are advanced courses that focus on the continued development of fundamental ceramic processes, with emphasis on advanced methods in wheel throwing. More complex technical problems are examined, including throwing of large forms, functional pottery and handbuilt sculpture. Advanced glazing and firing techniques also are presented. Historical and contemporary examples, aesthetics and 3D design principles will be highlighted through demonstrations, lectures and tutorials. Class projects will allow students to practice technique while developing a personal approach to material and process.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Ceramics 3

Ceramics 4 through 6 are advanced-level ceramics courses for highly motivated ceramics students that build upon advanced technical skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with clay as a sculptural or utilitarian medium. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Ceramics 5

Ceramics 4 through 6 are advanced-level ceramics courses for highly motivated ceramics students that build upon advanced technical skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with clay as a sculptural or utilitarian medium. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Ceramics 5

Ceramics 4 through 6 are advanced-level ceramics courses for highly motivated ceramics students that build upon advanced technical skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with clay as a sculptural or utilitarian medium. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

This introductory-level course focuses on the basic techniques of drawing. Beginning with the fundamentals of drawing through the use of pencil, ink, marker, pastels, charcoal and Conté crayon, the class then transitions to similar projects in watercolor and oil painting. Elements of design are introduced and reinforced in this course. The course is designed for students from all levels of experience and serves as a prerequisite for all subsequent drawing courses.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Drawing 1

Drawing 2 and 3 represent the second and third terms in our Drawing sequence and focus on skills via more extensive, conceptual works. Students develop a thematic series of works around one or two subjects, including landscape, portraiture, still life and abstraction. Assignments are more independent in nature and individualized to the requirements of each student. Studio work is informed by art history and master artist references.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Drawing 2

Drawing 2 and 3 represent the second and third terms in our Drawing sequence and focus on skills via more extensive, conceptual works. Students develop a thematic series of works around one or two subjects, including landscape, portraiture, still life and abstraction. Assignments are more independent in nature and individualized to the requirements of each student. Studio work is informed by art history and master artist references.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Drawing 3

Drawing 4 through 6 are advanced-level courses for highly motivated drawing students that build upon basic drawing and compositional skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular drawing medium, including graphite, charcoal, pastel, pen and ink, Conté crayon or other drawing media. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works. Subjects include landscape, portraiture, still life, illustration and abstraction.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Drawing 4

Drawing 4 through 6 are advanced-level courses for highly motivated drawing students that build upon basic drawing and compositional skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular drawing medium, including graphite, charcoal, pastel, pen and ink, Conté crayon or other drawing media. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works. Subjects include landscape, portraiture, still life, illustration and abstraction.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Drawing 5

Drawing 4 through 6 are advanced-level courses for highly motivated drawing students that build upon basic drawing and compositional skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular drawing medium, including graphite, charcoal, pastel, pen and ink, Conté crayon or other drawing media. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works. Subjects include landscape, portraiture, still life, illustration and abstraction.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

This introductory-level course focuses on the basic techniques of painting. Beginning with transparent watercolor, students work toward an introduction to oil painting through landscape and still life. Elements of design and color theory are introduced and reinforced. The course is designed for students from all levels of experience and serves as a prerequisite for all subsequent painting courses.

Fall, Winter or Spring term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Painting 1

Painting 2 and 3 build on the basic techniques introduced in Painting 1 and develop those skills through a thematic series of works. Various land-cape techniques and conceptual projects are introduced. Assignments are more independent in nature and individualized to the requirements of each student.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Painting 2

Painting 2 and 3 build on the basic techniques introduced in Painting 1 and develop those skills through a thematic series of works. Various landscape techniques and conceptual projects are introduced. Assignments are more independent in nature and individualized to the requirements of each student.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 Credit

Prerequisite: Painting 3

Painting 4 through 6 are advanced-level courses for highly motivated painting students that builds upon basic painting and compositional skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular painting medium, including watercolors, acrylics, oils and/or encaustics. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works. Subjects include landscape painting en plein air, portraiture, still life and abstraction.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Painting 4

Painting 4 through 6 are advanced-level courses for highly motivated painting students that builds upon basic painting and compositional skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular painting medium, including watercolors, acrylics, oils and/or encaustics. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works. Subjects include landscape painting en plein air, portraiture, still life and abstraction.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Painting 5

Painting 4 through 6 are advanced-level courses for highly motivated painting students that builds upon basic painting and compositional skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular painting medium, including watercolors, acrylics, oils and/or encaustics. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works. Subjects include landscape painting en plein air, portraiture, still life and abstraction.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: A combination of six terms in Drawing or Painting. Available only to Sixth Formers or Fifth Formers with departmental approval.

This highly rigorous program provides serious and dedicated advanced-level drawing and painting students with the opportunity to prepare an Advanced Placement portfolio to be submitted to the College Board. Throughout this yearlong course, students develop a comprehensive body of work that fulfills the Advanced Placement portfolio requirements of breadth, concentration and quality; students also organize an exhibition of their work.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Glass 1 is a beginning course for students who want to work with glass as a sculptural medium. Students will be introduced to hot glass, glass fusing, glass casting and stained-glass construction. Projects will focus on the three-dimensional elements and principles of art and design, while historical and contemporary examples of glass are studied. Students will learn how to manipulate hot glass, cut and grind glass, solder and create plaster molds. The course provides the opportunity for students to explore possibilities of glass in the studio and hot shop.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Glass 1

This course introduces the basics of manipulating hot glass through the use of a blowpipe and hand tools. Students learn how to gather glass from the furnace and shape it using hand tools at the glass-blowing bench. Using heat, gravity and centrifugal force, students create vessels such as tumblers, bowls and vases. Students also are introduced to basic color applications as well as grinding and polishing techniques. Students study historical and contemporary examples of blown glass, as well as the artists involved with glass. Emphasis is given to developing hand skills, teamwork, creative thinking, self-expression and shop safety.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Glass 2

This course continues with the basics of manipulating hot glass through the use of a blowpipe and hand tools. Students learn how to gather glass from the furnace and shape it using hand tools at the glassblowing bench. Using heat, gravity and centrifugal force, students create vessels such as tumblers, bowls and vases. Students also are introduced to basic color applications and grinding and polishing techniques. Students study historical and contemporary examples of blown glass, as well as the artists involved with glass. Emphasis is given to developing hand skills, teamwork, creative thinking, self-expression and shop safety.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

An introductory photography course designed for students with little or no previous photography experience, this course introduces the principles of photography through a blend of traditional and digital processes. The main objective is to teach students to see light rather than things. Students gain foundational understanding of the 35mm camera, black-and-white film, digital scanning, Adobe Photoshop and digital printing. Students

must have access to a fully manual 35mm camera or may borrow one from the Department. (Arrangements can be made with the photography instructor for borrowing cameras.) Each photography course is concerned with the aesthetics, history and practice of this light-generated form of art. Additionally, productive critique procedures are cultivated.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Introduction to Photography

Students further develop black-and-white photography concepts introduced in Introduction to Photography, this time with a focus on people and the body. The Zone Simple System, studio lighting and other intermediate-level techniques are explored, and several historical and contemporary artists are discussed. An emphasis is placed on portraiture and self-portraiture and the exploration of gesture and meaning. Additionally, productive critique procedures are cultivated and the collaborative studio dynamic explored. Students should be highly motivated and have strong critical skills in all intermediate- and advanced-level photography courses. Students must have access to a fully manual 35mm camera or may borrow one from the Department.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Black and White Photography

Students continue to develop photographic vocabulary and vision while building upon intermediate-level black-and-white photography techniques. They also are introduced to computer colorization, color photography, color digital printing and basic computer image manipulation. Emphasis will be placed on developing narratives using photographic imagery. Students must have access to a fully manual 35mm camera or may borrow one from the Department.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: A combination of six terms in Photography or Printmaking. Available only to Sixth Formers or Fifth Formers with departmental permission

This course provides advanced photography students with the opportunity to explore their unique personal vision with the aim of producing a comprehensive Advanced Placement portfolio to present to the College Board. Students in this yearlong course will develop in-depth work in a concentrated theme and explore the breadth of the medium through experimentation with alternative themes and processes. Students also will organize an exhibition of their work. Students must have access to a fully manual 35mm camera or may borrow one from the Department.

Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

The printmaking courses 1 through 3 introduce students to various printmaking methods and media in a fast-paced, collaborative studio. With a heavy focus on experimentation, originality and message, students explore multiplicity, image reversal, design principles, color and mark-making through both hand-printed and press-printed techniques. Students develop technical ability and aesthetic skills through instruction in relief printing, embossing, intaglio, monotype, bookmaking, screen printing, Risograph duplication and Xerox. This studio course delves into the rich, democratic history of print media by discussing its roots in publishing and politically engaged and public artworks and continuing into contemporary print cultures and industrial applications. No drawing experience necessary.

Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Printmaking 1

The printmaking courses 1 through 3 introduce students to various printmaking methods and media in a fast-paced, collaborative studio. With a heavy focus on experimentation, originality and message, students explore multiplicity, image reversal, design principles, color and mark-making through both hand-printed and press-printed techniques. Students develop technical ability and aesthetic skills through instruction in relief printing, em-bossing, intaglio, monotype, bookmaking, screen printing, Risograph duplication and Xerox. This studio course delves into the rich, democratic history of print media by discussing its roots in publishing and politically engaged and public artworks and continuing into contemporary print cultures and industrial applications. No drawing experience necessary.

Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Printmaking 2

The printmaking courses 1 through 3 introduce students to various printmaking methods and media in a fast-paced, collaborative studio. With a heavy focus on experimentation, originality and message, students explore multiplicity, image reversal, design principles, color and mark-making through both hand-printed and press-printed techniques. Students develop technical ability and aesthetic skills through instruction in relief printing, em-bossing, intaglio, monotype, bookmaking, screen printing, Risograph duplication and Xerox. This studio course delves into the rich, democratic history of print media by discussing its roots in publishing and politically engaged and public artworks and continuing into contemporary print cultures and industrial applications. No drawing experience necessary.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Sculpture 1 is a beginning course for students who want to explore and work in three-dimensional art forms. Students will be introduced to the 3-D elements and principles of art and design. Students will consider how materials, processes and ideas can be used to make work that involves space and form. The class format will include image presentations and demonstrations of techniques such as welding, casting, modeling and carving. Class lectures will incorporate historical and contemporary examples. Class projects will allow students to practice technique while developing a personal approach to material and process. Emphasis is placed on skill development, experimentation, creative thinking and quality craftsmanship.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Sculpture 1

Sculpture 2 and 3 are intermediate courses for students who want to build on their understanding of three-dimensional art and materials. Emphasis is placed on skill refinement and developing a personal approach to material and process. Students will explore how materials, processes and ideas can be used to make a body of work. The class format will include image presentations and demonstrations of advanced techniques in kiln-fused glass, stained-glass, casting, carving and modeling. Emphasis will be placed on material exploration, self-expression and high-quality craftsmanship.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Sculpture 2

Sculpture 2 and 3 are intermediate courses for students who want to build on their understanding of three-dimensional art and materials. Emphasis is placed on skill refinement and developing a personal approach to material and process. Students will explore how materials, processes and ideas can be used to make a body of work. The class format will include image presentations and demonstrations of advanced techniques in kiln-fused glass, stained-glass, casting, carving and modeling. Emphasis will be placed on material exploration, self-expression and high-quality craftsmanship.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Sculpture 3

Sculpture 4, 5 and 6 are advanced-level sculpture courses for highly motivated sculpture students that build upon advanced technical skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular sculpture medium. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Sculpture 4

Sculpture 4, 5 and 6 are advanced-level sculpture courses for highly motivated sculpture students that build upon advanced technical skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular sculpture medium. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works.

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Sculpture 5

Sculpture 4, 5 and 6 are advanced-level sculpture courses for highly motivated sculpture students that build upon advanced technical skills, emphasizing further and more extensive work with a particular sculpture medium. Students propose to develop a particular conceptual idea over a series of works.

Full Year

[May be taken for more than one year.]

Private yearlong instruction is available to all students who want to study music for no credit/no grade. Daily practice is required. Music studied in this course is based on individual needs and abilities and may include a breadth of styles and genres, based on personal interests. A fee is charged for these lessons. As the School retains contracted music teachers annually based on the full academic year registrations received, early withdrawal from these music lessons does not release families from their financial obligations for the academic year. Please know that students may choose the options of Non-Credit Music lessons for the full academic year, for the Winter and Spring Terms, or for the Spring Term only. This course may be taken for more than one year.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course is offered to musicians who are new to SPS and the ensemble program, and fulfills the one-year Arts graduation requirement through participation in one or more of the School’s ensembles (Choir, Orchestra, Small Ensembles). The yearlong Applied Music 1 curriculum consists of two basic musicianship classes (BMC), one private or group lesson on their chosen instrument, and two or more evening ensemble rehearsals each week for those who qualify. Ensemble rehearsals are typically held on Tuesday and Thursday evenings for 90: minutes each. Grades are based on performance in BMC, lessons and ensemble participation. Each term, a 5-10:-minute skill evaluation (jury) is required of students who are not in a regularly rehearsing / performing ensemble. Musicians who do not pass the audition for an ensemble — or play an instrument for which there is no ensemble offered — will be expected to participate in evening practice sessions during ensemble meeting times. Students must pass the BMC portion of Applied Music 1 to receive credit for the course and move to Applied Music 2. Although the standard Arts fee applies, private and group lessons are free of charge to all students enrolled in Applied Music. Applied Music may be taken each year as described below.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Applied Music 1

This course is a continuation of the Applied Music curriculum and is offered to students who have fulfilled the Basic Musicianship requirement by successfully completing the Basic Musicianship Class and Applied Music 1. Students enrolled in this class receive either two private lessons, or one private and one group lesson, per week and must participate in one or more Major Ensembles. More advanced students are encouraged to participate in smaller “splinter” groups such as Madrigal Choir, Chamber Music, Jazz Ensemble or other small ensembles coordinated by members of the Music Program faculty.  Applied Music satisfies the School’s Arts graduation requirement.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Applied Music 2

This course is a continuation of the Applied Music curriculum and is offered to students in their third year in the program who have fulfilled the Basic Musicianship requirement by successfully completing the Basic Musicianship Class and Applied Music 1. Students enrolled in this class receive either two private lessons, or one private and one group lesson, per week and must participate in one or more Major Ensembles. More advanced students are encouraged to participate in smaller “splinter” groups such as Madrigal Choir, Chamber Music, Jazz Ensemble or other small ensembles coordinated by members of the Music Program faculty. Applied Music satisfies the School’s Arts graduation requirement; Applied Music 3 may be taken for more than one year.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Applied Music 3

This course is a continuation of the Applied Music curriculum and is offered to students in their third year in the program who have fulfilled the Basic Musicianship requirement by successfully completing the Basic Musicianship Class and Applied Music 1. Students enrolled in this class receive either two private lessons, or one private and one group lesson,  per week and must participate in one or more Major Ensembles. More advanced students are encouraged to participate in smaller “splinter” groups such as Madrigal Choir, Chamber Music, Jazz Ensemble or other small ensembles coordinated by members of the Music Program faculty. Applied Music satisfies the School’s Arts graduation requirement; Applied Music 4 may be taken for more than one year.

Fall Term: 1 credit

Improvisation is an introductory course for all subsequent theater courses. Students will engage their imagination, creativity and spontaneity through the use of various exercises. Students will study the beginning 10 Rules of Improvisation and learn how to apply them to create various characters and scenes. Students will gain knowledge of themselves and the confidence to trust their thoughts while also learning how to slow down to allow those thoughts to develop, how to trust their instincts and how to be spontaneous. The course is designed for anyone who likes to create scenes and wants to explore the world of acting. Students develop skills and freedom necessary to react spontaneously and honestly from moment to moment. This is a performance class taught in a masterclass setting. Students should be prepared to engage in class activities and discussions, receive and give peer commentary and feedback, and learn how to apply the feedback. This course may be taken more than once.

Winter Term: 1 credit

This course is designed to be taken in sequential order after Improvisation. However, students who did not take Improvisation during Fall Term are encouraged to join this course during Winter Term. Acting I is designed for the beginning-level student who wants to explore acting skills needed to develop characters and perform monologues. Students will be introduced to a process of working designed to be easy to follow and to allow them to start to become independent thinking actors who trust their own voice and interpretations of text. Through voice and diction exercises and various games and activities, students will develop an understanding of self and others while exploring theater as a craft. Various styles of monologues will be explored and students will have a monologue suitable for any audition by the end of the course. This is a performance class taught in a masterclass setting. Students should be prepared to engage in class activities and discussions, memorize material, receive and give peer commentary and feedback, and learn how to apply the feedback.

Spring Term: 1 credit

This course is designed to be taken in sequential order with Acting I. However, students who did not take Acting I during Winter Term are encouraged to join this course during Spring Term. Acting II is designed for the beginning- to intermediate-level student. This course will continue the study of basic acting skills learned previously and will focus on scripted material for study and interpretation. Students will explore further textual analytical skills while exploring vocal and physical skills needed for communication of the thoughts and ideas expressed in text that are essential for building an empathic, well-developed character. This is a performance class taught in a masterclass setting. Students should be prepared to engage in class activities and discussions, memorize material, receive and give peer commentary and feedback, and learn how to apply the feedback.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Previous acting or vocal training or permission of the Director of Theater.

Musical Theater Audition Technique is designed to train the actor/singer. A combination of acting, voice and movement techniques are used to help students explore and develop their total instrument. Students work on individual musical theater pieces focusing on textual analytical skills, musical skills, personal interpretation skills and audition techniques. This is a performance class taught in a masterclass setting. Students should be prepared to engage in class activities and discussions, memorize material, receive and give peer commentary and feedback, and learn how to apply the feedback. By the end of the term, each student will have at least two songs suitable for any musical theater audition. This course may be taken more than once.

Fall Term: 1 credit

This is an introductory course to stage directing, and is a prerequisite for being a directing for the Winter Term one-act play festival. This course will introduce students to the detailed work of a director from casting through performance. We will examine the step-by-step process of casting, rehearsals, concept building, blocking, story structure and communicating concepts with the artistic team. We also will examine the collaborative relationship between the director and actor. Students will be introduced to set design by using the computer program SketchUp. Students should be prepared to reflect, participate in peer commentary and feedback, engage in discussions as well as be the actors for each other’s scenes. These scenes will only be performed in class. A final project will be to direct a scene from a scripted play on a set that students have imagined and built virtually via SketchUp.

Fall Term: 1 credit

Have you ever wanted to write a play? What does it mean to write for the stage? In this course students will learn the art and craft of writing plays and developing new work. Students will participate in a collaborative workshop environment where they will read and analyze each other’s writing and published plays. This is an intensive writing course. Feedback from classmates provides an opportunity to learn how to give and receive constructive criticism for the revision process of developing work. Students will study topics including character, dialogue, narrative structure, audience, and plot as they collaborate with their peers and develop their voices as playwrights and storytellers. A goal of the course is for students to have developed a portfolio of various works. This course is a prerequisite for being a playwright for the Winter Term one-act play festival.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Have you ever wondered why Shakespeare is still performed today? Shakespeare is prevalent all over the world as literature, drama, pop culture, and cultural capital; how and why we perform Shakespeare is both artistic and political. This course will prepare students to analyze, interpret, and perform Shakespeare’s works as close readers, critical thinkers, and creative actors. We also will look at theatrical practices, such as casting and directing, and critically analyze what it means to perform and produce Shakespeare today. Throughout the term, students will read plays together as a class and learn multiple approaches to performing Shakespeare with monologues and scenes. Students should be prepared to perform and engage with discussion.

Spring Term: 1 credit

This course is a continuation of Shakespeare in Performance I with new plays and new themes, but the Winter Term course is not a prerequisite for this class. Why do Shakespeare’s plays continue to be produced and reimagined for modern audiences? Every production of Shakespeare transforms the original play in some way. What is considered “traditional,” “nontraditional,” or “modern” about a Shakespeare production is a debate for all who perform and practice Shakespeare today. This course will continue to explore Shakespeare through close text analysis and performance. We will watch and critically analyze modern productions and reimaginings of Shakespeare. Students will learn how to analyze, interpret and perform Shakespeare’s works as close readers and imaginative actors using critical perspectives. Reading, presenting and discussions of the plays, scenes and monologues will be a major part of this course. 

Fall Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Two years previous acting training or permission of the Director of Theater

Audition Technique is designed for the intermediate to advanced student. Through scripted material the students will be introduced to all techniques needed to excel in any theater performance audition. This course is ideal if you are interested in auditing for summer programs or BFA programs. Practical techniques in the selecting, preparation and performance of monologues will be the focus. This is a performance class taught in a masterclass setting. Students should be prepared to engage in class activities and discussions, memorize material, receive and give peer commentary and feedback and learn how to apply the feedback given to make their work stronger.  By the end of the term, each student will have started to develop a portfolio of monologues suitable for any theater performance audition.  This course may be taken more than once.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Two years previous acting training or permission of the Director.

This course is designed to be taken in sequential order with Audition Technique. However, students who did not take the Fall Term course are encouraged to join this course during the Winter Term. Advanced Scene Study is designed for the intermediate to advanced student. The course focuses on developing fundamental skills used in rehearsing and performing modern realistic plays. Through exploration of various acting techniques, students acquire the tools and skills essential for honest character development. Students will be introduced to scripted material from various modern playwrights. This is a performance class taught in a masterclass setting. Students should be prepared to engage in class activities and discussions, memorize material, receive and give peer commentary and feedback and learn how to apply the feedback given to make their work stronger.

Full Year: 6 credits (2 credits per term)

Humanities III introduces students to what will be a four-year experience that expects collaboration, student-centered learning and richly interactive discussions. A key aspect of this program is its focus on a very wide range of “texts,” which might include a novel, a movie, a poem, a map, an African mask, a vase from Ancient Greece, a historical ruler, a painting, a propaganda poster and so on. We teach students to “read” such texts and to become adept at making significant connections between them. We seek to inspire in students an appreciation for the way in which terms such as man, woman, nature, God and city differ in societies, and are not simple words at all. We also use the idea of “self as text” to encourage students’ personal understanding of their own complex cultures and an appreciative curiosity about the cultures of each other. We focus on the individual, exploring the archetype of the “hero’s journey.” We look at the societies that human beings create, and ask what happens when we live together. We explore questions of power, leadership and the place of the individual in the society. We examine how different societies and cultures have interacted and come into conflict (or, less frequently, into cooperation) across history and we pay attention to the experience of individuals in times of change and turmoil — what happens when humans are caught within a society in conflict?

Throughout their studies, students continuously develop their critical and creative thinking skills through close reading, writing, discussion and presentations. Students work in a variety of other creative media throughout the year, including creating plays, movies and more.

Full Year: 6 credits (2 credits per term)

In Humanities IV, students explore the complex relationship between individuals and their communities through a varied and integrated disciplinary approach. Building on the conception of the self considered in Humanities III and anticipating the examination of the forces and beliefs shaping our modern world studied in Humanities V, Humanities IV investigates why individuals choose to come together in community, how they cope with tension and change and how communities develop and evolve.

Considering specific periods in American history, students explore primary and secondary texts, such as historical documents, artwork and literature. Discussion and activity-driven classes encourage students to develop a curiosity about the United States, develop their own perspectives and value others’ viewpoints. Students practice writing as a critical means of self-expression with emphasis on analytical and creative writing. Varied assessments foster skill building that includes critical reading, research, visual image analysis and public speaking. A major research project examining some aspect of American history or culture is conducted in the Spring Term.

Fall Term: 1 credit

This course asks students to examine the paradigm that governs American foreign policy and the key moments in history when that paradigm has shifted. In our study of foreign policy decisions, this course examines America’s role as an imperial power, the role of human rights in America’s foreign policy decisions, the relationship between the United States and the United Nations and the concept of America as the world’s global police. Students are expected to pay particular attention to current events. There are several research projects as a major component of this course.

Fall Term: 1 credit

The objective of this course is to introduce students to the institutions, processes and actors that comprise the American political system at the national level and engage them in empirical and critical thinking regarding the nature and quality of American democracy. The course begins with an examination of the ways we can systematically examine American politics, and then turns to the structure of American government with an emphasis on the divisions of power between levels and branches of government. We’ll investigate the legislative and executive branches of government, looking specifically at the workings of the Congress, presidency and bureaucracy, and how these institutions engage in policymaking and policy execution. The role of American elections and the combination of forces that lead to policy change also will be examined. We will end the course by considering the American judicial system and its role in our system of government. Current events will be incorporated regularly and used as lenses into the issues we are studying.

Fall Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course is a discussion-based seminar focusing on questions concerning academic frameworks for contemporary ethics. The term begins with an overview of the modern framework for ethics (e.g., consequentialism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics) before examining the nuances of contemporary writers through the study of thought experiments. Students will discuss the practical application of ethical philosophies. Writing exercises will focus on demonstrating knowledge of ethical principles according to established philosophers and applying those principles to real-world scenarios.

Fall and Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course is designed to help young writers experiment in order to find an original voice. Students work over the term toward a final portfolio of pieces in several media, which they can revise right up to the end. Offering the opportunity to try out poetry, fiction, personal writing, creative nonfiction and script writing, the course enables students to find their own writing voice. In addition, for Sixth Formers, the course yields interesting material that might be useful for the process of developing college essays, but it will not specifically prepare students for that task. Students are taught how to read texts not in terms of literary analysis but in terms of their usefulness, regularly work-shopping their drafts with the rest of the group and studying new techniques and processes through a variety of assignments. The class also has the chance to work with visiting writers who come to St. Paul’s School as Schlesinger writers-in-residence or Conroy visitors.

Fall Term: 1 credit

The three-fold design of this non-mathematical introduction to economics provides students with an overview of the discipline that can serve as a background for courses in related subjects, a foundation for further study in economics, and a knowledge base for becoming an informed worker, consumer and citizen. While examining briefly the history of economics and some of its seminal thinkers, the course concentrates on understanding basic economic theory (macro and micro), developing a practical knowledge of the workings of principal economic institutions (e.g., the Federal Reserve system, the stock market, the banking sector, etc.), and appreciating the subtleties of national economic policy, especially in light of current economic challenges.

Fall Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course is designed to help young writers refine their prose by experimenting with nonfiction essay writing. Students will work over the course of the term reading various models of essay writing by professional writers and exploring their own voices to create clear, concise, engaging prose. For Sixth Formers, the course may generate good material for college essays, although this is not the goal of the course. Some of the various prose models students will examine and write themselves include sharing a narrative, illustrating an idea, explaining a process, comparing and contrasting, using definition, arguing persuasively. Throughout the term students will learn ways to generate ideas, keep an active journal, help one another in regular in-class writing workshops and discover the value of the revision process.

Fall Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

More than two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Socrates argued that the unexamined life is not worth living. To better examine our lives, he urged us to do philosophy. This course is an introduction to the four major areas of philosophy — logic, epistemology, metaphysics and ethics. We will address questions such as: What is philosophy and how is it done? What is knowledge? Is reality subjective or objective? How does logic help us find truth? Is there such a thing as human nature, and is it good or bad? How should we interact with the natural world? We will read ancient and modern texts (and watch a few contemporary films) to discuss topics such as the nature of identity, the purpose of education and the scope and limit of human reason. The course will create a foundation for students wishing to take other courses in philosophy at SPS or in college.

Fall Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

From the first instance of censorship in 1690 to yesterday’s news, journalism has been the backbone of American politics and culture. This course explores the beginnings of journalism, the First Amendment and the role of freedom of the press in shaping American democracy. Additionally, the course examines the shifting forms of journalism in recent years and the role of technology and social media, including citizen journalism and fake news. Students will write both analyses of current news coverage and their own narrative journalism. Possible texts include Sacco’s “Journalism,” Daly’s “America: A Narrative History of a Nation’s Journalism,” Gladstone’s “The Influencing Machine” and more.

Fall term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

 The Holocaust is a moment in modern history that has been the subject of much historical inquiry as well as artistic creativity. As more time passes since the end of the Holocaust, the experience is not only told by Jewish survivors or their relatives, but also by artists, authors and filmmakers personally disconnected from the Jewish diaspora. What is it that makes the story of the Holocaust so enduring? Is it acceptable to deviate from the historical facts in creative works? In this course we will examine the causes of the Holocaust and the way the experience has been told through film, novels and other creative works across time.

Fall Term: 1 credit

This course offers an introduction to the study of sacred literature, with a focus on selections from the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud, and explores the ways that the authors and early readers of the Hebrew Bible, early rabbinic traditions, and modern readers use scripture to explore theological and ethical questions. In this course, students will learn different methods for reading sacred literature, including source criticism, historical criticism, literary criticism and midrash. Students will be invited to examine the ways that oral and written religious traditions develop and spread and use their own imaginations to wonder about the gaps in sacred narratives. During class discussions, students will practice using sacred literature to make theological and ethical arguments.

Fall Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

William Shakespeare is widely acknowledged as a master of the English language and an astute observer of human nature and behavior. This course focuses on the tragic heroes of four great Shakespearean plays:  “Hamlet,” “King Lear,” “Macbeth” and “Othello.” Using these plays as a lens, students will examine several important questions about the human condition:  What is the nature of good and evil? Why do good people do evil things? Can good triumph over evil? What is the connection between conscience and action? What is the balance between reason and passion? In addition to reading the plays, students will watch both live and filmed productions and write about the content and form of these great masterpieces.

Fall Term: 1 credit

This course will provide students with the opportunity to examine in great detail one of the most important world events of the last 60 years: the conflict in Vietnam. Specific topics such as the life of the “grunt” and turmoil on the homefront will be explored, as will larger questions about the nature of war itself in the second half of the 20th century. In an effort to answer questions about the war as it really was, versus that seen in popular literature and film, the class will consider a broad selection of media, as well as a variety of historical texts and essays. Documentaries and motion pictures to be studied include: “Hearts and Minds,” “The Hanoi Hilton,” “The Green Berets,” “Apocalypse Now,” “Platoon,” “Full Metal Jacket,” “Born on the 4th of July,” “Casualties of War” and others. Works read will include, but are not limited to, excerpts from: Philip Caputo’s “A Rumor of War,” Truong Nhu Tang’s “A Vietcong Memoir,” Tim O’Brien’s “The Things They Carried,” Robert Mason’s “Chickenhawk,” Michael Herr’s “Dispatches,” Stanley Karnow’s “Vietnam: A History,” and a selection of essays from the anthology “Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War.”

Fall, Winter or Spring Term: 1 credit

[Satisfies diploma requirement in religious studies]

This course is a survey of religion as an important source of ethical analysis and moral decision-making. Students will engage the writing of ethicists of various religious traditions from Augustine, Aquinas, Bonhoeffer, Tillich and Niebuhr to Thich Nhat Hanh, Heschel and Townes. Students will be able to apply the ethical systems and writings to contemporary contexts and issues

Fall or Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course. Satisfies diploma requirement in religious studies.]

This course examines the interrelationships among religion, race and gender in history and culture. Students develop two specific forms of religious literacy: the ways that religions shape and are shaped by their social/historical contexts; and the ways in which religions are internally diverse. We will think and write critically about the ways that sacred texts, the body and material culture together shape our changing understandings of gender and race; examine the ways that understandings of gender and race influence who has authority within particular religious contexts; engage in literary analysis of sacred texts; and conduct a research project on a topic of students’ own choosing.

Winter Term: 1 credit

In this course students will study current political issues and trends. We will analyze the partisan divide in the country and how this engenders political division in American government. We will discuss the dynamics, organization and decision-making processes of the American Congress and pay attention to the relationship between legislators and their constituents and legislators and the President. We also will examine the growth of presidential power, the cult of presidential personality and the issue of presidential accountability. Some crucial questions we might address include: What is the relationship between citizens and elected officials? How do the political parties function in terms of decisions made by members of Congress? How is power balanced among the three branches of government? At its heart, this course will be a current events course focusing on issues within the political system of the United States.

Winter Term: 1 credit

This course focuses on two works by James Joyce, one of the most acclaimed authors of the early 20th century. “Dubliners” is a collection of short stories that combine to give a vivid and challenging portrait of life in Dublin as Joyce perceived and experienced it. “A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man” is Joyce’s fictional presentation of the autobiography of a young writer and is a powerful and artistically important work that helped define the literary movement known as Modernism. Close study of these two works opens up a world of literary imagination and powerful prose that invites students to read deeply, think creatively and write expressively.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course examines historical and cultural contexts of Asian American experiences through literature. How do Asian American writers generate texts and media within international culture? How does American literature represent intersectional identities? How do American writers and thinkers from various Asian cultures situate their cultural histories within the American narrative? How are Asian American voices part of contemporary American culture? Students in the course will study literature from diverse authors and examine both the influences of that literature and how it influences contemporary society.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

Boarding schools are consistently chosen as the setting for novels, short stories and poems. Something about this concentration of teenagers makes for an appealing backdrop to examine the human condition. In this course, students will read literature about boarding schools — such as “A Separate Peace,” by John Knowles, “The Fall of Rome,” by Martha Southgate, and “Black Ice,” by Lorene Cary ’74 — and try to articulate just what it is about the adolescent experience at boarding school that makes this literature so enthralling. Additionally, students will use their own experiences in conjunction with the texts to both broadly explore the utility of boarding schools in a constantly evolving societal landscape and to more narrowly examine St. Paul’s School, its community and its culture.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

The 1960’s is marked as a period of great social and political unrest and change. A generation grew up during this decade questioning the status quo in the interest of collective societal progress. Political conversations evolved to include personal experiences of discrimination and oppression. This course will explore the forces that shaped the decade and examine what it represents to different demographics and for different institutions. St. Paul’s School will be one case study for which we will conduct exploratory research to practice historical research methodologies and further our understanding of how the 1960’s shaped the School and its students, and the legacy the decade left on St. Paul’s School.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course surveys the trends and writers of the last 40 years in American fiction, considering, among other things, the ways in which contemporary fiction has emerged out of the traditions studied in Humanities IV and Humanities V. The course focuses on multiple genres, aspects of form in contemporary prose fiction and recurring themes involving individual identity in the conformist culture of contemporary America. Students will leave the course with a sense of some of the many directions taken in contemporary American fiction as well as a desire to read more works by writers whom they have briefly encountered. Authors introduced may include Joseph Heller, Jack Kerouac, Toni Morrison, Julie Otsuka, Kurt Vonnegut and Alice Walker.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

In this course, we will study the craft of the short story. First, we will read a wide selection of works from authors of diverse backgrounds and time periods because, as Joyce Carol Oates says, “Reading is the springboard to writing.” We will explore the power of the story to highlight human emotion. We will take risks in the way we write, the subjects we tackle and the way in which we put ourselves out there to learn our craft and better understand our own voices. Through workshops and multiple drafts, we will develop the skills of constructive criticism to support the writing of peers, as well as the art of re-seeing our own writing through multiple revisions. The course will culminate in the submission of a final portfolio and presentation of the students’ work.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

The notion of the Frontier has captured countless imaginations throughout American history and culture. Synonymous with the frontier, the American West invites romanticized images of adventure, riches and limitless opportunities throughout history. But what does “frontier” actually mean when we envision the American West?  How do these romantic visions conflict with reality? Students will explore these tension-filled intersections through a variety of lenses, including those of Indigenous nations, land owners, modern industry and the historical roots of the modern West. Topics will include water management, industrial resource extraction, Native American sovereignty, demographic/political pressure points and national parks/land ethics in the West.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

Have you ever wondered why one speech is more successful than another?  Is it the writing? Is it the delivery? Is it an “it” factor?  In this course you will learn how to write a compelling speech through watching and analyzing famous speeches as well as extensive research, writing and various vocal and presentational techniques that will guide you in writing, creating and presenting  a successful speech. Students will study various types of speeches: demonstration, passion, persuasive and informative, while learning how to use technology as tools to aid in their presentations. This is an extensive writing course where students will learn how to use hooks, bookends and various other aspects of speechwriting to aid in the composition, flow and audience attentiveness, understanding and persuasion. Students also will be introduced to techniques that aid in eliminating mannerisms, performance anxiety or other distractions that might weaken presentations.

Winter Term: 1 credit

This course offers an introduction to the study of sacred literature, with a focus on selections from the New Testament and other non-canonical texts, and explores the ways that the authors of the New Testament, early Jesus followers and modern readers use scripture to explore theological and ethical questions. In this course, students will learn different methods for reading sacred literature and examine the ways that oral and written religious traditions develop and spread. Students will use their own imaginations to ponder the gaps in sacred narratives and practice using sacred literature to make theological and ethical arguments.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course. Satisfies the diploma requirement in religious studies.]

Science and religion are arguably the two most influential human forces in the world today. In fact, most people ground their claims about truth and reality, and derive their reasons for action, in one or the other or varying proportions of both. Interestingly, many people take for granted that science and religion are locked in a state of conflict, and that sooner or later one will finish the other off. This course will investigate the historical, logical and philosophical relationships between science and religion. Questions to be addressed include: What makes science scientific, and what makes religion religious? Are science and religion really in conflict, and if so, why? Are they mutually supporting? Can one be both an adherent to modern science and a person of an ancient faith? To what extent is belief in God rational and justifiable, and to what extent does it need to be? What should we think when various religious traditions conflict? What should we think in the face of religious paradoxes such the Problem of Evil and the Problem of Free Will? We will give particular attention to some infamous interactions between science and religion (e.g., the Galileo affair, Darwin’s publishing of “Origin of Species,” the Scopes Monkey trial), trying to discern in each instance what the conflict was fundamentally about. Texts might include: “A Very Short Introduction to Science and Religion” (Dixon); “Dialogue on Good, Evil, and the Existence of God” (Perry); “Contact” (Sagan); and selections from Aquinas, Maimonides, Ibn Rushd, Stephen J. Gould, Richard Dawkins, Alister McGrath, Richard Swinburne, William James and many others.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course examines the creative space where religion and science fiction literature meet. Students will conduct an in-depth study of the parables, myths and allegories that humans have told and re-told throughout history as we reflect on the big questions of our lives and consider what futures might be possible. From sacred stories to Mary Shelley’s “Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus” to the contemporary work of Ursula Le Guin, Octavia Butler and Ted Chiang, students will read an array of authors and topics to consider how speculative literature has helped, and is helping, project ancient wisdom into the undetermined future.

Winter Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course provides a historical overview of the Second World War so that students may effectively analyze literary works about specific aspects of the conflict. Beginning with an understanding of the Germans’ hatred of the Treaty of Versailles following their defeat in World War I, students will then take a look at the rise of Hitler in the 1930s as well as the growing isolationism in the United States prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941. While this course does not review each WWII battle, significant military events (e.g., D-Day) will be studied alongside corollary elements of the war (e.g., Japanese internment; the Holocaust). Using film, oral histories and other primary sources, plus historical analysis written by leading historians, this course aims to spark students’ long-term interest in what Jackson J. Spielvogel asserts “was clearly Hitler’s war.”

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course will look closely at how the game of baseball has mirrored American social, political and economic currents. The course will follow a chronological timeline, from the rise of the major leagues in the 1870s through the modern era, paying particular attention to the game’s impact on individuals and families, racial discrimination and integration, labor relations, urbanization, roles of women, treatment of gay athletes, and implications of performance-enhancing drugs.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

What is more important: combating climate change or jobs? Should a public policy maximize effectiveness or efficiency? How do we, as an American society, analyze and tackle the tough issues facing our generation? This course is intended as an introduction to how policymakers analyze and craft solutions to issues such as the environment, social justice, welfare policy and more. Over the course of the term, we will consider the fundamental question of why some conditions become problems for the government to solve while other issues are ignored. The goal of this course is for each student to better understand how ideas become policy in the United States and to feel comfortable that they personally have an important role in having their voice heard and shaping solutions to the problems facing the world today.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course examines the causes, impact and aftermath of the U.S. Civil War, arguably the most important national event after the American Revolution. Beginning with a brief review of the major political, cultural and ideological differences that led the southern states to secede, the course will move to a historical review of the progress of the war itself, then transition to the examination of narrative fiction about the war. Finally, the course will examine the events of the Reconstruction Era and their impact on the nation. Texts will include historical surveys of the Civil War and Reconstruction, speeches by Abraham Lincoln as well as other government documents, and works of fiction by authors such as Michael Shaara, Shelby Foote, William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe and others.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

Could a utopian society ever exist, and why does a search for the perfect world typically backfire? How do authors use dystopian literature as a form of social commentary on their own societies, and how effective is this form of criticism? How are decades-old social commentaries relevant to our society today? In this course, we will strive to answer these questions as we study the works of Orwell and Atwood, among others. In addition, we will look at the way this genre has evolved with the emergence of several contemporary YA dystopian literature series. Besides novels, short stories and films/TV series also may be used.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

Many people have their own story about how and why the Great Recession of the 21st century marks an era of financial and economic instability in America. Writers, economists and historians offer rich insight into the economic and historical uniqueness of this crisis, which still looms large in modern memory. Students will dissect these perspectives using macroeconomic data, historical/economic frameworks, scholarly analyses, documentaries and pop culture literature as we interpret this critical moment in American culture. To build context, we will comparatively analyze the Panic of 1907, the Great Depression and the Great Recession as we make sense of how history informs policy and the present. Guiding questions for this course ask, “How do historians, economists, and cultural commentators preserve the memory of the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression?”; “So what?”  and “How do these lenses refract what is happening in our own economy?”

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

What and who is a feminist? Who benefits from the historical and contemporary feminist revolution? What is my own feminist philosophy? This course will look at the rise of feminist movements throughout history and across continents and the evolution of the movement to the contemporary landscape, analyze accompanying feminist literature both historical and contemporary, and culminate in an action-based project at the end of the term. By the end of the term, students will have crafted their own philosophy of feminism that will inspire their action- based term projects. In addition to reading the seminal works “The Second Sex,” by Simone de Beauvoir, and “Feminism Is for Everybody,” by bell hooks, students also will also venture into contemporary feminist theory and literature. Students will examine the works of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie with “Dear Ijeawele, Or a Feminist Manifesto in Fifteen Suggestions” and “We Should All Be Feminists,” Roxane Gay’s essay collection “Bad Feminist,” and other relevant works.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

The United States is experiencing a resurgence of book banning in public schools and libraries, with as many as 1,600 books banned nationwide from libraries, classrooms and curricula in recent years. This course will study the history of banned books, examine book censorship in light of First Amendment rights, and read some of the most popular challenged works. Novels may include Harper Lee’s “To Kill A Mockingbird,” Toni Morrison’s “The Bluest Eye,” Sherman Alexie’s “The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian,” Angie Thomas’s “The Hate U Give,” Jonathan Evison’s “Lawn Boy,” and Ashley Hope Perez’s “Out of Darkness.”

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

After WWII and the Holocaust, the global community pledged Never Again — however, this refrain has largely been in vain. Both the United Nations and the world’s superpowers have been unable, or unwilling, to stop genocide in its tracks. This course will trace the evolution of the legal definition of the word genocide alongside the responsibility of the United Nations and individual nation states to aid victims, hold governments accountable and live up to the expectations it set for itself in the wake of the Holocaust.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

Political philosophy is the study of people in societies, focusing on the claims they have on each other in the form of rights and obligations and their demands for justice, equality and liberty. It is concerned with an analysis of the state and related institutions. This course studies questions about sovereignty (the power and authority assumed by the ruler) and political obligation (the duty and submission assumed by the ruled). Students will examine questions such as: Under which conditions can political obligation arise and what is its extent? Are freedom and equality compatible? What is justice — an idea, an ideal or simply a routine legal process? What connection is there between justice and law? What is a law? How are laws justified and are there aspects of human life that laws should not attempt to regulate? Should we always obey the law or are there conditions under which breaking the law is justifiable?

Spring Term: 1 credit

This course offers an introduction to the study of sacred literature, with a focus on the Quran and Hadith, and examines the ways that early Muslims, medieval Muslim philosophers and poets and modern readers use scripture to explore theological and ethical questions. In this course, students will learn different methods for reading sacred literature, and they will be asked to examine the ways that oral and written religious traditions develop and spread. Students will be invited to use their own imaginations to examine the gaps in sacred narratives, and they will practice using sacred literature to make theological and ethical arguments.

Spring Term: 1 credit
[NCAA English core course]

This course examines the political, economic, and social developments from the year 2000 through 2023. The course will be guided by the following essential questions: How have the first two decades of the 21st century shaped current events? How is the United States different in 2023 from in the year 2000 and why? How can students learn from both the challenges and successes to help them become informed and engaged citizens as they enter adulthood? To that end, topics will include the 2000 election, the impact of 9/11 on both domestic and foreign affairs, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the emergence of cultural and political polarization, the Great Recession of 2008, the Obama, Trump and Biden presidencies, social justice movements, COVID-19, immigration, climate change, January 6th and the Supreme Court.

Full Year: 3 credits

This is a fundamental course for true beginners of Chinese. Students learn to express themselves and understand others by focusing on topics closely related to their daily life. The four tones and proper pronunciation are introduced through rhythmic verses in order to help students develop a natural ear and tongue for the language. The pedagogy, known as TPRS (Teaching Proficiency through Reading and Storytelling), serves as a backbone for both oral comprehension and reading skills. Students also practice characters daily and in doing so build up a strong foundation for the Chinese writing system. In addition, students will engage in reading novice-level classic Chinese stories while also creating their own digital picture books.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 1

This course builds on concepts introduced in Chinese 1. Using increasingly complex vocabulary and sentence structures, students learn to formulate and respond to questions, provide descriptions and develop narrations.Students read and write short compositions on a weekly basis. Cultural aspects of the language are emphasized through projects and other media. Students are expected to practice a combination of typing and writing characters regularly as a supplement to intensive handwritten character writing.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 1

This course is designed for students who have a solid mastery of the grammar and vocabulary covered in Chinese 1. Students will continue to build essential vocabulary in order to read and write level-appropriate passages, develop speaking skills and become acquainted with aspects of Chinese culture and society. In addition, the study of syntax is quite intense in this class and students are expected to express themselves with grammatical precision. Homework, essays and chapter tests are mostly handwritten. By the end of the course, students are well out of the beginner level.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 2

This course builds on Chinese 2. Students have regular opportunities for meaningful communication by using more complex structures, vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. The focus of the course is to combine and expand elements previously learned to enable students to express themselves more accurately through a story-based approach. Students are expected to discuss readings and re-write stories in written assessments. Cultural aspects of the language are also emphasized. Multimedia aids are used. Students are expected to type their essays regularly, in supplement to intensive handwritten character writing.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 2

This course is designed for students who have a thorough mastery of the grammatical structures and vocabulary covered in the second year. Students learn to state their own opinions in longer speeches using more complex structures and vocabulary. Reading skills continue to be developed using a variety of stories. Students should expect to complete oral and written assessments regularly according to the content of the stories.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 3

This course pays special attention to developing students’ oral and listening competence. Students read more extensively on various topics in the form of short stories and other literary pieces. Idiomatic expressions are introduced through reading literary selections. Students are expected to write regularly. Cultural aspects of the language are emphasized through focused term research projects. Multimedia aids are used on a regular basis. Students are expected to type their essays, in supplement to intensive handwritten character writing.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 3 Honors

This immersive course is dedicated to cultivating oral proficiency and listening skills through a comprehensive program encompassing vocabulary, communication, listening exercises, readings and group discussions revolving around a diverse range of themes. Students engage with extensive literary works across various media formats, such as newspaper articles, short stories and other literary pieces, introducing them to idiomatic expressions through selected literary works. The course also stimulates students’ creativity through the completion of multimedia projects, including posters, videos and oral presentations. The integration of multimedia resources further reinforces students’ learning experiences. The ultimate objective of the course is to elevate students beyond the intermediate level, fostering their mastery of the language.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Chinese 4 Honors

This course, designed for more advanced students, further develops overall Chinese language proficiency and knowledge of Chinese culture through movies, discussion, and extensive reading of various texts, including materials from newspapers, magazines and other authentic documents. Stu-dents master advanced-level language structures, expressive styles, and conventions of communication through topics reflecting multiple aspects of Chinese society and culture and the use of various authentic multimedia materials in different linguistic registers.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course offers students an introduction to the language and culture of contemporary French-speaking countries. Grammar, vocabulary and syntax are studied using a film-based textbook with simple dialogues and oral and written drills to build conversational skills. Work in the Language Center reinforces the development of listening and speaking. The class is conducted mostly in French.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Permission of the Department Head.

This course is designed for students with a strong basic background in French. Emphasis is placed on refining students’ listening, speaking and writing skills. Proficiency is honed through work in the Language Center and the use of a variety of multimedia materials that accompany the text. Grammar is reviewed thoroughly. The class is conducted in French from the beginning.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: French 1

This course is the continuation of French 1. The basic study of grammar is completed, and reading selections and writing exercises of increasing complexity help students work on their language and conversational skills. The cultural component of this course gives students an understanding of the diversity of France and the Francophone world today.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: French 1 Honors

This course continues and consolidates the study of grammar established in French 1 Honors. Readings of increasing difficulty are introduced as the basis for expanded oral and written work through task-oriented and creative writing techniques. Texts studied represent a broad spectrum of cultures and ideas across Francophone societies.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: French 2 or French 2 Honors

In this course, emphasis is placed on refining students’ listening, speaking and writing skills along with a more complex study of grammatical structures. A variety of multimedia materials accompanies a textbook rich in readings and articles that widen the students’ knowledge about societal trends in the Francophone world. Short readings and one-act plays enrich the understanding of French, and they also provide the basis of discussion, performances and writing exercises in French.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: French 2 Honors or permission of the Department Head.

Using texts and materials that address contemporary societal trends, this course focuses on learning more about and connecting with the Francophone world and its literature. Oral proficiency is emphasized, grammar is thoroughly reviewed, reading skills are honed and analytical essay writing techniques are introduced.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: French 3

Cultural and historical Francophone themes are explored through literature, film and music. Critical reading skills continue to be developed using a variety of texts that include novels, short stories, plays and poetry. This course emphasizes analytical discussions, writing assignments and projects. Grammar continues to be reviewed with particular attention to its finer points.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: French 3 Honors

Francophone cinema, literature and contemporary events serve as springboards for discussion as we delve into issues facing the 21st century French-speaking world. This course explores a wide array of traditions and styles of discourse. Oral and aural proficiency are refined in conjunction with rigorous grammar review. Writing and reading skills are broadened across all genres.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite:  French 4

This course is taught in the same manner as French 4. Students continue to strengthen their reading, writing, listening/understanding and speaking skills. Francophone culture and history provide the context for in-depth discussions and writing assignments on literary works, films and news media.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course offers students an introduction to the language and culture of contemporary German-speaking countries. Grammar, vocabulary and syntax are studied through oral and written drills and through simple conversations. Work in the Language Center reinforces the development of listening and speaking skills. The class is conducted in German from the beginning.

Full year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German I

his course is a continuation of German 1 and is taught in the same manner. The basic study of grammar is completed, and readings of increasing difficulty are introduced as the basis for expanded oral and written work. By the end of the course, students are able to use workable, basic German in normal situations they encounter and are able to enjoy works written in simple German.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German 1 and permission of the Department Head.

This course is a continuation of German 1 and is taught in the same manner. The basic study of grammar is completed and readings of increasing difficulty are introduced as the basis for expanded oral and written work. The course includes an introduction to German history, literature, film and cultural topics through the German language. By the end of the course, students are able to use workable basic German in normal situations they encounter and are able to enjoy works written in simple German.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German 2

This is a multifaceted course, designed to introduce students to German culture through literature, history, contemporary politics, music and popular culture. Materials used include shorter literary works such as short stories, novellas, plays and poetry, as well as film and a variety of news media. Proficiency and grammatical accuracy continue to be emphasized through written and oral exercises.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German 2 Honors and permission of the Department Head.

This is a multifaceted course, designed to introduce students to German culture through literature, history, contemporary politics, music and popular culture. Materials used include shorter literary works such as short stories, novellas, plays and poetry, as well as film and a variety of news media. Proficiency and grammatical accuracy continue to be emphasized through written and oral exercises.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German 3

Issues and themes of cultural and historical relevance are explored through literature, film and current events. Critical reading skills continue to be developed using a variety of texts, which include plays, lyric poetry, fiction and news articles. The course emphasizes discussion, analytical papers and projects. Grammar continues to be reviewed with particular attention to its finer points and the use of idioms.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German 3 Honors

Issues and themes of cultural and historical relevance are explored through literature, film and current events. Critical reading skills continue to be developed using a variety of texts, which include plays, lyric poetry, fiction and news articles. The course emphasizes discussion, analytical papers and projects. Grammar continues to be reviewed with particular attention to its finer points and the use of idioms.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: German 4 Honors

This course is a continuation of German 4 Honors and is taught in the same manner. Students continue to strengthen their four language skills of reading, writing, listening/understanding and speaking. German culture and history provide the context for in-depth discussions and writing assignments on literary works, film and news media.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course provides an introduction to Attic Greek forms, vocabulary and grammar, employing readings of graduated difficulty. Students also learn the history of Greek civilization and culture, Greek mythology and aspects of daily life in ancient Greece.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Greek 1

This course begins with a review of Greek grammar, then introduces the more complex verb forms and dependent clauses using the subjunctive and optative moods. Students learn the history of the classical period, including the Athenian Empire and the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars. Toward the end of the course, students encounter readings from prose authors such as Herodotus, Xenophon, Lysias and Lucian.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Greek 2 Honors

In the Fall Term this course concludes the introduction to Greek prose with extended readings from texts such as Plato’s dialogues and Thucydides’ “History of the Peloponnesian War.” In the Winter and Spring Terms students are introduced to Greek poetry through selections from Homer’s “Iliad” and “Odyssey,” the lyric poets, or Athenian tragedy and comedy.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Greek 3 Honors

This advanced-reading course provides a survey of the rise and fall of Athenian democracy through extended readings from the historians Herodotus and Thucydides, the philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and Greek tragedy and comedy.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course is for students who have some background in Latin. Students obtain a solid foundation in vocabulary, forms, grammatical constructions and reading comprehension. Students also gain an overview of classical mythology, Roman history, daily life and the geography of the ancient world.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course provides an introduction to the Latin language and syntax. Graduated readings in Latin explore events in the life of a typical Roman household while also teaching vocabulary, forms and grammatical constructions. Students also gain an overview of classical mythology, Roman history, daily life and the geography of the ancient world.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Latin 1

This course begins with a review of material from Latin 1. Students learn more advanced grammatical concepts such as purpose and result clauses, conditional sentences and other uses of the subjunctive and gerunds and gerundives. Students continue to develop reading proficiency via textual narrative. Students also examine pertinent cultural and historical topics.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Latin 1

This course offers an accelerated approach to the language. Emphasis is placed on advanced syntax, including uses of the subjunctive, uses of the cases of nouns and techniques for translation and reading comprehension. Students study a wide variety of cultural, historical and linguistic topics. Toward the end of the course, students encounter readings from authors such as Caesar, Catullus, Petronius, Pliny and Martial.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Latin 2

This course begins with a brief review of grammar and syntax learned in the previous two years. Students continue to reinforce grammatical concepts and improve their Latin-to-English translation as they read graduated selections from adapted texts by prose authors such as Eutropius, Livy, Nepos and Caesar. Emphasis is placed on improving sight translation and reading comprehension. Readings also introduce students to major figures, events and cultural topics from the legends of early Rome and the history of the Roman Republic.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Latin 2 Honors

This course offers a rapid review of the fundamentals of grammar combined with accelerated readings from a selection of Latin prose authors such as Caesar, Livy and Cicero. Through these readings students trace Rome’s development from city-state to world empire and the concomitant evolution of the constitution from the Monarchy through the Republic to the Principate.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Latin 3

This is a reading-based course focused on selections from the poetry of Catullus, Virgil and Ovid. Formal review of advanced grammatical concepts will be provided as necessary. The course provides students with an opportunity to analyze Roman texts as they improve their reading comprehension and sight translation skills. Various cultural and historical projects may include studies of Roman poetry, mythology and love in the Roman world, and the reception of the works read in later artists and authors.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Latin 3 Honors

This is a reading-based course focused on the historical development and aesthetic principles of Roman poetry. Selections from Catullus, Virgil, Horace and Ovid provide the basis for class discussions. In addition to poetic scansion and literary devices, students will explore the social, cultural and political context of these authors.

Full Year: 3 credit

Prerequisite: Latin 4

This course introduces students to the comic literature of ancient Rome through advanced readings chosen from comedy, satire, invective and the novel and culminates in the production of a play in Latin. Authors read may include Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Horace, Petronius, Seneca and Apuleius. Students also consult models from Greek literature in English translation and modern plays and films inspired by Roman originals.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course offers an introduction to the language and culture of Spanish-speaking countries. Grammar, syntax and vocabulary are studied through oral and written drills and through simple conversations. Work in the Language Center reinforces the development of listening and speaking skills. The class is conducted mostly in Spanish.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Permission of the Department Head.

This course offers a thorough, rapid review of basic Spanish grammar followed by a continuation of intensive grammar and vocabulary studies. Exercises and drills, conducted both in class and in the Language Center, are an integral part of the course. A series of short videos reinforces listening skills and provides a context for dialogues in order to strengthen speaking skills. The course introduces students to the literature and culture of Spanish-speaking countries through a study of short literary selections and articles.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 1

This course is a continuation of Spanish 1. A study of basic vocabulary and grammar is completed by the end of the year, and there is greater emphasis on cultural readings and perspectives. Students further develop communication skills and are able to use basic Spanish in varied situations.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 1 Honors or permission of the Department Head.

This intensive course offers a challenging and thorough review of all fundamental Spanish grammar. Advanced vocabulary is introduced, increasing students’ capacity for both oral and written proficiency. The course includes adapted selections of Hispanic literature, frequent compositions and required oral participation.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 2

This course is designed to strengthen speaking, listening, reading and writing skills. During the year, students solidify previously studied grammar and vocabulary and further develop communication skills. Students read and discuss short stories and poems that reflect cultural elements of Spanish-speaking countries.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 2 Honors or permission of the Department Head.

Students in this course are expected to develop a high level of proficiency in Spanish as we emphasize reading, writing, speaking and listening skills. Students read short stories, poems, essays and articles of major Hispanic authors. Students participate in daily discussions of the literature that include the cultural, social and political contexts of these works. Compositions are assigned regularly. The course also includes an intensive and fast-paced review of Spanish grammar. Proficiency and grammatical accuracy continue to be emphasized through written and oral exercises.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 3

In this sequence of classes, students explore themes of cultural and historical importance through literature, film and current events. Students are exposed to a diversity of voices and continue to develop reading skills by reading a variety of texts, including poetry, fiction and news articles. In addition, students review and strengthen their reading, writing, listening and conversational skills. Students are expected to participate actively in discussions of literature and culture.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 3 Honors

In this class students expand their active knowledge of Spanish through the study of literature, film and other media. In the fall we discuss a series of plays; the winter is devoted to short stories; and in the spring, we read poetry and essays. Each term also includes a film. Assessments include expository and creative writing in Spanish, frequent quizzes on class materials and the performance of spoken exercises. No English is used in the classroom. While occasional grammar review is provided, students are expected to improve their Spanish by constant exposure to and use of the language. The class also includes occasional discussion of strategies for language learning.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 4

In this course students continue to explore Latin American culture and history through current events, texts and film. Students are expected to participate actively in discussions in order to continue to strengthen their communication skills. In addition, students further hone their writing skills through weekly compositions.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Spanish 4 Honors

In this course students use literature, film and other media to strengthen their active use of idiomatic language, a broad vocabulary and complex sentences. The bulk of class time is dedicated to the close analysis of literary works, although we also discuss historical events, films, visual arts, music and contemporary politics and society. Topics and materials date from medieval Iberia and colonial Latin America to the contemporary Spanish-speaking world.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Algebra I

This course in Euclidean geometry develops a logical and rigorous mathematical system based on definitions, postulates and theorems. Deductive proof is the backbone of the course, which includes properties of parallel lines, triangle congruence and similarity, polygons, circles, area and volume. Additional topics include right-triangle trigonometry and coordinate geometry. Computer applications are utilized to enhance understanding of geometric concepts. Concepts from Algebra 1 are reinforced throughout the course.

Full Year: 3 credits

This course provides students with a solid foundation in their study of mathematics. The course begins with the study of signed numbers, fractions and operations with literal expressions. We study linear equations, systems of equations and inequalities. We also consider polynomials, factoring, rational expressions, fractional equations, quadratic equations and radical expressions. Throughout, applications to problem solving are discussed as a transition into geometry and second-year algebra.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Algebra 1 and Geometry

Students extend their knowledge of methods, skills and concepts introduced in Algebra 1. The focus is on functions: linear, quadratic, logarithmic, polynomial, exponential and rational. Additional topics include the complex number system and solving systems of linear equations. Analytic techniques are emphasized. Students are instructed in the use of a graphing calculator, a tool they use to explore and investigate as well as to model and analyze data.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Algebra 1, Geometry and permission of the Department Head.

This is a rigorous course intended for students of demonstrated ability who have the desire and capability to learn and work independently and to think creatively. The entire content of Algebra 2 is studied in greater depth. Additionally, the course includes the study of matrices, graphing techniques, linear programming and systems of nonlinear equations. The TI-84 graphing calculator is used for exploration, confirmation and analysis.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Geometry and two years of algebra.

This course leverages concepts learned in Algebra 2 and extends students’ prior knowledge of algebraic and geometric methods, skills and concepts in preparation for the study of calculus. Care is given to identify and remedy areas of past difficulty for students. Topics include trigonometry, sequences and series, counting and probability, and exponential and logarithmic functions. Graphing technology is used throughout the course to enhance student understanding of mathematical concepts. Real-world applications illustrate and reinforce mathematical ideas.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Geometry and two years of algebra.

Students strengthen their understanding of previously learned topics in algebra and geometry and learn new conceptual notions needed for the study of calculus. Topics include trigonometry, conic sections, sequences and series, counting and probability, and exponential and logarithmic functions. Graphing technology is used throughout the course to enhance student understanding of mathematical concepts. Real-world applications illustrate and reinforce mathematical ideas.

Fall Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Algebra II

In this course we will explore the intriguing history, ideas and applications of chaos theory. We will read from James Gleick’s “Chaos” and Ian Stewart’s “Does God Play Dice? The New Mathematics of Chaos” and learn about mathematicians John Conway, Edward Lorenz, Robert May, Benoit Mandelbrot and others. To help us to connect with the idea of “sensitive dependence on initial condition,” we will explore cellular automata, read a Dr. Seuss story, watch (Lorenzian) water wheels and observe iterative behavior in nonlinear systems. We will study the logistic map in order to visualize an orderly system turning chaotic and then look at strange attractors in order to find order in chaos. We will explore and analyze the hidden wonders of the Mandelbrot Set; this fractal icon will serve as an artistic masterpiece exemplifying chaotic behavior. Students will leave the course understanding the limitations of using mathematical laws to predict orderly behavior.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Algebra II and Geometry

Have you ever wondered how to solve the problems in “Good Will Hunting”? In this class, students will use graph theory to identify optimal solutions to network and design problems. How many bishops can be placed on a chessboard such that no two of them are attacking each other? How does an airline plan its routes? What is the winning strategy for the game Tic-Tac-Toe? This course will look for the answers to these questions and more by exploring the growing field of graph theory.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Algebra II

To expand and explore new problem-solving skills, every class will be filled with a variety of group and solo activities to engage students. Much of the focus of the course will be on Japanese-style logic puzzles such as KenKen and Nurikabe. Students will learn to solve such puzzles as well as create their own. By the end of the course, students will have learned over 20: different types of logic puzzles, each of which will help them develop different aspects of their critical thinking skills. The course will culminate with a presentation, as each student will research a different type of logic puzzle that they will master and teach to the class.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Geometry, Algebra II Honors and permission of the Department Head.

This is a rigorous course intended for students of demonstrated ability who have the desire and capability to learn and work independently and to think creatively. Students pursue a comprehensive study of the content of precalculus in greater depth. Additionally, the course includes topics in advanced algebra, mathematical induction, vectors, polar and parametric equations, limits of functions and rates of change. This material provides a strong preparation for calculus. Mathematical dexterity is a focus, particularly in the writing of proofs and creative problem-solving. Applications are used throughout to illustrate concepts.

Full Year: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Precalculus or Foundations in Precalculus

This course provides students with an intuitive approach to the fundamentals of differential calculus. Students explore limits, leading to the definition of derivative. The concepts of average and instantaneous rate of change are investigated. We develop the rules of differentiation, including the chain rule and implicit differentiation, and apply them to problems in optimization, related rates and curve sketching. We will expand upon the differential calculus to introduce the concepts of finding area under a curve, the integral regarded as the antiderivative and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Students will learn multiple techniques for integration, including substitution. Definite and indefinite integrals are used to explore applications such as distance, area, and volumes of solids of revolution.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Precalculus, Foundations in Precalculus or permission of the Department Head.

Statistics is the science and art of learning from data to understand our uncertain world. We find statistics everywhere in daily life, from climate change and presidential polls to sports and the development of new medicines. In this yearlong course, students are exposed to four broad conceptual themes: Exploring Data (describing patterns and departures from patterns), Sampling and Experimentation (planning and conducting a study), Anticipating Patterns (exploring random phenomena using probability and simulation), and Statistical Inference (estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses). Students participate in several projects. Students also will use data analysis software to model statistical problems.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Precalculus Honors or grade of High Honors in Precalculus.

This is a rigorous course for students of demonstrated ability who have the desire and capability to learn and work independently and to think creatively. The entire content of Statistics will be covered in greater depth. In this Honors course, students will learn about four broad conceptual themes: Exploring Data (describing patterns and departures from patterns), Sampling and Experimentation (planning and conducting a study), Anticipating Patterns (exploring random phenomena using probability and simulation), and Statistical Inference (estimating population parameters and testing hypotheses). Students will participate in several projects to analyze current issues. To develop effective statistical communication skills, students will be required to prepare frequent writ-ten and oral analyses of real data. Statistics Honors is the high school equivalent of an introductory college statistics course and students will be prepared to take the Advanced Placement exam in May. This course also prepares students for further study of statistics in science, economics, sociology, psychology, medicine, math, engineering, political science, geography, business, education and more.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Precalculus Honors or Grade of High Honors in Precalculus.

This course is suitable for those students with demonstrated ability and interest in mathematics. A solid working knowledge of algebra, geometry and precalculus is necessary. The course builds a solid conceptual understanding of calculus with a focus on proofs. Topics include limits, continuity and differentiation techniques of both algebraic and transcendental functions. Applications of differentiation include solving optimization problems and related rate problems, curve sketching, and the relationship of position, velocity, and acceleration. Antidifferentiation and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus are introduced. Techniques include integration by substitution, integration by parts and trigonometric substitutions. Definite and indefinite integrals are used to explore applications such as distance, area and volumes of solids of revolution. Solutions of simple differential equations are obtained analytically and by using slope fields and Euler’s method. Students who successfully complete this course are prepared to take the AB level of the Advanced Placement examination in calculus in May.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Grade of Honors or higher in Calculus 1 Honors.

This course is a continuation of the study of calculus begun in Calculus 1 Honors. Students extend their techniques of integration, solve first order separable differential equations and learn how to calculate arc length and surface area. Connections between calculus and other disciplines are studied while also extending differentiation and integration techniques to polar and parametric functions. An in-depth study of sequences and series includes various tests for convergence and representation of well-known functions expressed as Taylor and Maclaurin series. Students who successfully complete this course are prepared to take the BC level of the Advanced Placement examination in calculus in May.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Grade of High Honors or higher in Precalculus Honors.

This course is designed for the highly motivated mathematics student. Students develop a rigorous, comprehensive study of the concepts and techniques of calculus through a study of theorems, their proofs and applications. Topics include limits, continuity and differentiation techniques, applications of differentiation and an introduction to antidifferentiation. Applications of differentiation include solving optimization problems and related-rate problems, curve sketching, and the relationships among position, velocity and acceleration. Techniques include integration by parts, trigonometric substitutions and partial fractions. Applications of integration include area, volumes, arc length and distance. Solutions of simple differential equations are obtained analytically and using slope fields and Euler’s method. An in-depth study of sequences and series includes various tests for convergence, and representation of well-known functions expressed as Taylor and MacLaurin series. Techniques of calculus are applied to parametric and polar equations. Students who successfully complete this course are prepared to take the BC level of the Advanced Placement examination in calculus in May.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Calculus I-II Honors or Calculus II Honors.

Applications of mathematics in physical and social sciences, economics and statistics often involve multiple variables. This course extends the ideas of single-variable calculus to multivariable situations. Students learn to use vectors, partial derivatives and multiple integrals to solve complex, multi-concept problems. Students also will investigate elements of mathematical reasoning to develop proof-writing skills.The use of mathematical graphing software is integrated throughout the course, along with the use of LaTeX to elevate the presentation of the mathematics. The course culminates with two-dimensional vector calculus and Green’s Theorem, with exploration of three-dimensional vector calculus as time permits.

Full Year: 3 credits

Physics First is designed for all entering Third Form students and forms the first of a three-year foundation series. Students are encouraged to ask questions and create projects to seek answers while learning to work together in small groups, allowing for the free flow of creative ideas. Students explore the beauty and simplicity of the fundamental laws that explain our universe. Since experimentation is key to all science, great emphasis is placed on laboratory work. Throughout the course of the year students will study motion, forces, energy, momentum, coding, charges and light as well as topics involving diversity, equity, inclusion and justice (DEIJ).

In the Fall Term, students focus on scientific measurement, experimental design, kinematics and an introduction to Newton’s Laws. In the Winter Term the course continues with Newton’s Laws and progresses to the study of mechanical energy and momentum. Spring Term finds students venturing into the study of electromagnetic fields, electrical circuits, light and optics. The end of term assessments in Physics First include a term exam, a DEIJ poster project and a lab practical.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Co-enrollement in Algebra 2 or Higher.

[This course is intended for students who matriculate to SPS after Third Form year and is not avail-able to those who have completed Physics First.]

Students investigate the physical world using both traditional and computer-based data acquisition and analysis. This course introduces students to the major topic areas of physics, focusing on conceptual understanding and analytical problem-solving techniques. Extensive laboratory explorations, performed in small groups, are used to introduce concepts that are then reinforced through discussion and problem work. Incorporating a more mathematical approach than Physics First, Physics begins with the study of mechanics, including uniform motion, Newton’s Laws, momentum, energy, circular motion and gravitation. This is followed by electrostatics, magnetism, DC circuits and magnetism. A working knowledge of algebra is assumed.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Co-enrollment in Precalculus or higher.

[This course is not available to students who have completed Physics First.]

Honors Physics is designed for students with strong math backgrounds who are seeking a deeper understanding of their physical world. Students will complete an accelerated introduction to Newtonian mechanics. Topics include linear and projectile motion, Newton’s Laws, energy, momentum, uniform circular motion, rotational dynamics, simple harmonic motion, waves and light. Laboratory exercises and classroom demonstrations are used throughout the course to solidify conceptualization and instill respect for data. Concepts also are strengthened through work in group tutorials developed specifically for students at this level as well as student-driven projects at the conclusion of the term. 

Fall Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Completion of a year-long physics course.

Students will investigate the phenomenon of light as both a particle and a wave. They will build on their previous understanding of the electromagnetic spectrum to examine topics including wave interference, diffraction and optics. Through hands-on inquiry experiences, data collection experiments and project-based learning, students will learn through a variety of teaching and learning techniques.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Completion of a year-long physics course.

Students will investigate the physics of fluids and heat. They will build on their previous understanding of waves and heat to examine topics including pressure-volume-temperature relationships in fluids, the laws of thermodynamics and the methods of heat transfer. Students will learn through a variety of teaching and learning techniques, including hands-on inquiry experiences, data collection experiments and project-based learning.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Completion of a year-long physics course.

Students will investigate a few of the branches of modern physics. They will build on their previous understanding of physics to examine the areas of subatomic physics, quantum physics and special and general relativity. Students will learn through a variety of teaching and learning techniques, including hands-on inquiry experiences, data collection experiments and project-based learning.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Successful completion of a full year of physics and a full year of calculus.

This is a college-level course that relies heavily on the use of calculus and builds on the concepts developed in Physics First, Physics or Honors Physics, going into greater depth and detail. We will study Newtonian mechanics, electricity and magnetism, waves and oscillations and, if time permits, a few topics in modern physics. Laboratory exercises and classroom demonstrations are used throughout the course to solidify conceptualization, build theoretical modeling skills, develop explanations and instill respect for data. Computer programs (such as Excel and Python) are used for data analysis, mathematical modeling and numerical integration. Students develop writing skills to produce journal-quality lab reports. Students who successfully complete this course are prepared to take the AP Physics C: Mechanics and the AP Physics C: Electricity and Magnetism Advanced Placement examinations in May.

Fall or Spring Term: 1 credit

This is a one-term course designed to give students an introduction to observational astronomy. In the classroom, the basic principles of astronomy are taught, including the layout of the heavens, a study of the solar system, a history of astronomy and the basic principles of telescopes. At the Hawley Observatory, students work independently at least one clear night a week learning the constellations and the phases of the moon and how to use a telescope to find objects that are invisible to the naked eye. Upon completion of this course, students are encouraged to take Stellar Astronomy and Galactic Astronomy.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Introduction to Astronomy

This course builds upon the Introduction to Astronomy course and is focused upon the nature of stars in our universe as we know it. Students will study the makeup and activity of our Sun; how astronomers use spectra to determine the properties and components of stars; the evolution of low- and high-mass stars; and the spectacular stellar deaths of supernovae and black holes. Students also are encouraged to take Galactic Astronomy, though Stellar Astronomy is not a prerequisite.

Full Year: 3 credits

Chemistry is the second course in the three-year foundational series. Chemical principles and concepts are introduced through laboratory experiments and are expanded in lecture and class discussion. Students learn to observe, question, test, problem-solve and draw conclusions. This course emphasizes scientific observation and investigation. Students develop laboratory skills and the application of concepts through both cooperative and individual investigations. Topics include the properties and structure of matter, chemical nomenclature, bonding, chemical reactions, stoichiometry, solutions, gases, acids and bases, oxidation-reduction, and chemistry’s connections to diversity, equity, inclusion, and environmental justice. Other topics are covered as time allows. This course is taken prior to taking Biology.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: Co-enrollment in Algebra 2 Honors or higher and recommendation from Physics First teacher.

Honors Chemistry is the second course in the three-year foundational series. This course is an introductory chemistry course that will cover an expanded curriculum of Chemistry. The final grade in Honors Chemistry will consist of the term work, cumulative exams and lab practical. Topics include properties of matter, bonding, chemical periodicity, stoichiometry, thermochemistry, kinetics, equilibria, acids and bases, and oxidation-reduction.

Fall Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: One year of chemistry. Not open to students who have taken Advanced Chemistry.

This term-long chemistry course is designed for students who would like to continue on in chemistry, but are not interested in taking the yearlong Advanced Chemistry course. In this laboratory-based course, students will study various methods of quantitative analysis, including titration, gravimetric analysis and spectrophotometry to gain a better understanding of analytical chemistry. These concepts apply to the real world in pharmaceutical, food, chemical and agriculture industries — businesses that use chemistry to measure product quality before releasing it to consumers.

Winter Term: 1 credit
Prerequisite: One year of chemistry.

This laboratory-based course introduces students to the core concepts and lab skills that are necessary to appreciate the field of organic chemistry. This course is designed to be a standalone introduction to the biologically relevant topics to give students a core understanding of the field, but it also prepares students for the rigors of a college organic chemistry curriculum. The course begins with a primer on bonding and structure, and then builds up to understanding the nuances of three-dimensional organic structures. This will then transition into understanding how functional groups behave and react with the goal of being able to understand how larger, more complicated organic molecules can be synthesized. Organic chemistry requires a puzzle-like focus on problem solving, the ability to develop three-dimensional visualization skills, and a good memory for the core information.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: One Year of Chemistry. Not open to students who have taken Advanced Chemistry.

This term-long chemistry course is designed for students who would like to continue on in chemistry, but are not interested in taking the yearlong Advanced Chemistry course. This course expands on the basic knowledge of reaction rates and equilibrium developed in first-year chemistry. Through experimentation, students will be introduced to rate laws and mechanisms as well as special applications of equilibrium including buffer solutions and solubility equilibria. These concepts apply to our bodies every day when biochemical reactions occur at just the correct rate and pH is delicately equilibrated in our blood in order to maintain homeostasis.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: One year of physics and one year of chemistry.

Biology is the third course in the three-year foundational series. Biology is designed to build on the students’ physics and chemistry knowledge base while developing an inquiring point of view toward living systems in the context of a changing environment. Laboratory experiments heighten and integrate events at the molecular, cellular and population levels of organization. Specific topics include cell structure and function, biochemical mechanisms, genetics, evolution, systems and ecology. Scientific thinking and communication are emphasized throughout the course.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Completed or co-enrolled in Biology.

This course offers students an introduction to comparative embryology — the study of different embryos and developmental stages. In this course, students will learn the basic terminology of embryology while also observing and studying the developmental process in several invertebrate and vertebrate models. Students also will be introduced to the concept of how evolutionary changes in genes can affect phenotype, in turn resulting in certain similarities and differences of the developmental characters of different embryos. In the integrated lab sections of this class, students will have hands-on opportunities to examine different stages of early embryonic development in both vertebrate (chick) and invertebrate (nematode) embryos. Students will compare and contrast the development of these embryos with human embryonic development and how each of these species are related evolutionarily. They also will learn about a few real-life teratogens that affect human embryonic development. Upon completion of this class, students will have the basic toolkit to appreciate and understand how the development of one species can shed light on how it has evolved relative to development of other species.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: One year of Biology  and one year of Chemistry.

Evolution is a fundamental component of our understanding of life, underlying all other concepts that we study in life science. Students will explore how evolution occurs, the evidence that supports our understanding of evolution and where we are witnessing evolution today. The course will examine the work of several scientists in the field and how that work fits together to inform our current understanding of evolution. Students will learn about both microevolution and macroevolution through historical and current examples. Students will apply these concepts to current examplesof evolution in today’s world.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisites: One year of Biology and one year of Chemistry.

This is a full-year, upper-level Biology course designed to provide an understanding of the structure and function of the major human organ systems. Topics of study include neuroendocrine homeostatic control mechanisms and the musculo-skeletal, cardiorespiratory, digestive, immune, renal and reproductive systems. Disease states and adaptive physiological responses to stress, exercise and nutrient intake are considered throughout the course. Laboratory activities include microscopy, organ and cat dissections, case studies and evaluation of human physiological responses. Scientific thinking and communication are emphasized throughout the course.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisites: One year of Biology and one year of Chemistry.

This is an upper-level Biology course designed to build a strong foundation in biochemistry and molecular biology upon which students apply their knowledge to trending areas in the field. During the Fall Term, students study topics including biochemistry, the origins of life and evolution, the central dogma of biology, DNA error and repair, aging and cellular senescence. The Winter Term of Molecular Biology covers a variety of topics including epigenetics and cancer. In both Fall and Winter Terms, students investigate topics by mastering molecular laboratory techniques including aseptic technique, DNA purification, PCR, sequence analysis and tissue culture. In fall, students will examine the molecular changes resulting in adaptive radiation of a bacteria, P. fluorescence. In Winter Term, students also examine the genetics and treatment of cancer through cell culture experiments while developing and refining their molecular techniques. Throughout the school year, students will develop important skills, including reading and writing scientific journal articles, presenting in a formal scientific manner, breaking down molecular mechanisms and applying their content knowledge to novel situations. During the Spring Term, students identify a question they want to investigate and design a research plan based on the neurobiology knowledge they learned in class in combination with all the techniques they have mastered over the course of the year. The class reviews the proposals, and a few projects are selected and carried out based on merit, feasibility and interest. The project concludes with a finished manuscript that follows the guidelines of a peer-reviewed journal.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: One Year of Biology and one year of Chemistry.

[Students taking our full-year Human Anatomy and Physiology course should not enroll in this course.]

In the Fall Term, students investigate the biochemistry, digestion and metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Exploration of the interaction between nutrition and exercise on health, disease, fitness training and athletic performance is emphasized. Laboratory investigations include anatomical dissections, biochemical analysis of foods, dietary assessments and evaluation of metabolic rate during rest and exercise.

Students begin the Winter Term by investigating normal cardiorespiratory function and health. This is followed by an exploration of the cardio-respiratory responses to acute exercise, as well as the physiological adaptations to chronic exercise (training) and selected stressors such as high-altitude training, aging and disease. Laboratory investigations include anatomical dissections, blood pressure, electrocardiogram and pulmonary analyses, and treadmill measurements of oxygen consumption (VO2) and anaerobic threshold.

During Spring Term, students investigate how skeletal muscle develops and functions. This is followed by an exploration of the neuromuscular responses and physiological adaptations to chronic exercise (resistance training) and selected stressors, including use of muscle-building aids and supplements, as well changes in muscle physiology with aging and disease states. Laboratory investigations include anatomical dissections, muscle metabolism and fiber type assessment, and measurements of muscular strength, endurance and flexibility. Students will investigate, evaluate and compare reports of muscle physiology changes presented in the popular press with research published in scientific literature. During all terms, students will read original research, design experiments to address their own physiological questions and report findings in end-of-term presentations.

Full Year: 3 credits

Prerequisite: One year of Biology and one year of Chemistry.

Students will be introduced to the basic concepts that inform issues in environmental science. In the Fall, we will deal with core concepts that include an introduction to geology and a review of basic biology and chemistry through the field of biogeochemistry. The term will end with an introduction to soil biology and environmental issues related to agriculture. During Winter Term, students will focus on human aspects of environmental science. The term will begin with a discussion of the ecological consequences of human overpopulation. From here, we will move toward aligning economic theory with sustainable development on a local, national and global scale. In the Spring Term, students will use their knowledge of sustainable development to discuss the social, technical and ecological aspects of energy development and us-age on a global scale. As the snow melts, we return to a local perspective and explore the land-use history at St. Paul’s School and the New England region. We will move from this historic perspective to a more modern look at forestry and land use practices throughout the region. We end the year looking at the major causes and consequences of climate change while students design and conduct independent research projects that integrate the major themes of the course.

Fall Term: 1 credit

This course explores classical artificial intelligence topics such as knowledge representation, search algorithms and learning expert systems. Students study the possibilities for understanding language, thought and consciousness. Students also learn the basics of programming and become proficient at developing recursive problem-solving and search programs. Various media will be used to examine the origins of AI and the social and philosophical aspects of this technology. Class research and discussions in AI allow each student to develop a deep understanding of consciousness and intelligence.  

Fall or Spring Term: 1 credit

This course introduces students to the foundations of programming and robotics using the Arduino-C language and embedded controllers. Code written from scratch is used to control real-world objects such as LEDs, lasers, buzzers, audio transducers, buttons, motors, grippers, environmental sensors, LCD screens and computer keyboards. Programming topics include computer mathematics, functions, loops, logic gates, input/output communications, timers and random numbers. (Students who have taken Physics First will be familiar with some of these topics, as they were incorporated in the class beginning with the 20:20:-20:21 academic year.

Students also are exposed to building basic electronic circuits and using CAD software to create designs that are then 3D printed and laser cut in the lab. Students apply what they learn in projects of their own choosing during the final weeks of the course.

After students complete this course, they will be ready to take Physical Computing and Robotics.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Computer Programming using Arduino-C or Computer Programming using Java or Permission of the Science Department.

The focus of this course is mobile robotics. Students will build upon their coding foundations by learning to control small two-wheeled robots and other physical devices such as relays, actuators and a wide range of input devices and sensors. Stu-dents also are introduced to electronics, circuits, soldering and 3D design and fabrication. Students will have time and freedom to create, build and program several robotic applications that will perform routine and autonomous tasks, usually incorporating basic feedback control systems. Applications may include robotic dance, line-following robots, obstacle avoidance, tabletop navigation, maze navigation, robot soccer, remote controlled robotics, facial expressive robotics and robotic art.

Students spend much of the course designing, building and coding robotic projects of their own choosing. Collaborative team-building skills also will be developed. The language used in this course is Arduino-C, and the Teensy 3.2 microcontroller is used to provide an easy interface between the virtual and real worlds.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Completion of Physical Computing and Robotics or Computational Thinking.

This is an applied science course for students who, due to the independent nature of the course, are self-motivated and understand desktop programming and/or microcontroller programming. The focus of this advanced course is sensor design and data collection techniques for scientific as well as everyday purposes. This self-directed course is project-oriented and driven largely by student interests. Building upon their previous coding and possibly physical computing experiences, students will use non-proprietary and student-made sensors to collect data on a wide array of phenomena. What will be measured will largely depend on student interest but may include data for an experiment in an SPS science class, atmospheric data collected from a drone or model rocket, in situ environmental measurements of one of the many local bodies of water or long-duration arrayed temperature measurements of one of the campus buildings. Real-time clocks will be used to ensure accurate data collection and flash memory modules will be used to store large amounts of data. Computer-aided design (CAD), 3D design, mechanical engineering, electronic circuit design and printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication are other possible aspects of the course. Collaborative team-building skills will be developed. Students in this course will be expected to work independently on projects of their own choosing.

Fall Term: 1 credit

This course is the first course in a three-term sequence. We will explore the fundamentals of programming using Java. Topics covered will include loops, methods, strings, computer number systems, conditionals, logic gates and parameters. Students will solve a variety of problems through programming and written work. After students complete this course, they will be ready to take Computational Thinking.

Winter Term: 1 credit

 Prerequisite: Computer Programming using Java OR Computer Programming using Arduino-C or permission of the Science Department 

We will explore the fundamentals of object-oriented programming using Java. Topics covered will include the construction of classes, creating objects, object encapsulation, arrays, array lists and recursion. The course stresses the understanding of problem solving in terms of algorithmic development. After students complete this course, they will be ready to take Advanced Programming in Java.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Computational Thinking

[This course is the third in a three-term sequence]

This course allows students to write and examine more complex programs consisting of multiple classes. Topics covered will include interfaces, inheritance, polymorphism, recursion, searching and sorting. The course stresses the understanding of problem solving in terms of efficient algorithmic development. Upon the completion of this course, students will be prepared to take the Advanced Placement CS-A exam.

Winter Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Computer Programming using Arduino-C or Computer Programming using Java or permission of the Science Department.

This open-ended course will give students the time and expertise to prepare for external and in-house competitions and hackathons. This is a self-directed course that is project-oriented and driven largely by student interests. Competitions may include desktop programming contests, a Martian rover simulator, robot dance, robot line-following, robot sumo wrestling, robot maze navigation, robot soccer or robot firefighting. For competitions, the objectives are well-known ahead of time and students are expected to show up with a working robot. For hackathons, no prior preparation is necessary, and students learn about the problem(s) to be solved at the start of the event, which may last from a few hours to 1-2 days. Additionally, interested students will have the opportunity to design and create competitions of their own making. Collaborative team-building skills also will be developed. Students in this course will be expected to work independently on competitions of their own choosing.

Fall and Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Computer Programming using Ardu-ino-C or Computer Programming using Java or permission of the Science Department.

This is an applied science course for students who, due to the independent nature of the course, are self-motivated and have a deep understanding of desktop programming and/or microcontroller programming. This self-directed course is project-oriented and driven solely by student interests; students will work at the advanced level on these types of projects. Building upon their previous coding and possibly physical computing experiences, students will design, build and write code for one or more projects of their own choosing. These may be applications in desktop computing, autonomous robotics, physical computing, machine learning or other computer-related disciplines. Projects often will solve societal problems or fill a gap in some aspect of everyday living. While this is not an engineering class, computer aided design (CAD), 3D design, mechanical engineering, electronic circuit design and printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication may be employed in the student-directed projects. Collaborative team-building skills also will be developed. Students in this course will be expected to work independently throughout the term. Students will show off their finished projects to the SPS community at the end of the term.

Fall and Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Physical Computing and Robotics or Computational Thinking.

This is an applied science course for students who, due to the independent nature of the course, are self-motivated and have a deep understanding of desktop programming and/or microcontroller programming. This self-directed course is project-oriented and driven solely by student interests; students will work at the advanced level on these types of projects. Building upon their previous coding and possibly physical computing experiences, students will design, build and write code for one or more projects of their own choosing. These may be applications in desktop computing, autonomous robotics, physical computing, machine learning or other computer-related disciplines. Projects will often solve societal problems or fill a gap in some aspect of everyday living. While this is not an engineering class, computer aided design (CAD), 3D design, mechanical engineering, electronic circuit design and printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication may be employed in the student-directed projects. Collaborative team-building skills also will be developed. Students in this course will be expected to work independently throughout the term. Students will show off their finished projects to the SPS community at the end of the term.

Fall or Winter Term: 1 credit

The Engineering Design class introduces students to the resources available in the Kwok Engineering Center. 3D printing, laser cutting and engraving and various hand and power tools. These resources will transform students’ ideas from virtual to physical worlds. Students will learn about the engineering design process through the completion of three major projects and instant challenge group projects. The initial project involves designing, using CAD software to model and the building a game out of wood. Finally, groups of students must design an underwater ROV for competition in the school’s pool. Students will learn and practice problem-brainstorming techniques and best practices for successful group work through these projects. The class will reference and use the MIT 2.0:0:7 Design and Manufacturing Course notes to learn about deterministic design and essential machine components.

Winter Term: 1 credit

The students in this class are part of the St. Paul’s School Team 1512 FIRST Robotics team. The objective of this course is to engage students in a challenging problem that allows them to put deterministic-design techniques into practice. Near the start of the Winter Term, specifications for the international FIRST Robotics competition (https://www.firstinspires.org/robotics/frc) will be received and studied. In January, the students may travel to a kickoff event in Manchester to learn about the new challenge. The remainder of the Winter Term will be spent brainstorming, designing, manufacturing, and programming the team’s entry. At the end of the Winter Term, the team will compete with its robot “Big Red” in various regional competitions. Essential to the course will be the completion of periodic self-reflection journals that allow the students to reassess and refine their problem-solving and engineering-design techniques. This course can be taken multiple times to broaden a student’s experience in solving problems using an engineering-design process. Students taking the course a second time are expected to work on more advanced projects and serve as teachers/mentors to the new students.

Spring Term: 1 credit

Prerequisite: Engineering Design or USFIRST Robotics or by teacher approval.

The Spring Term course allows students to work on large-scale engineering projects to further their understanding of the engineering design process. Students are asked to identify a project that meets the criteria for ” Engineering a Better World.” Projects dealing with energy, the environment, and adaptive technology are encouraged, but students are open to considering other challenges. In this engineering research course, students may work in teams to design and develop an original solution to a valid open-ended technical problem by applying the engineering design process. Utilizing the activity- project- problem-based (APPB) teaching and learning pedagogy, students will perform research to choose, validate and justify a technical problem. After carefully defining the problem, individuals or teams of students will design, build and test their solution, ultimately presenting and defending their original solution to an outside panel. While progressing through the engineering design process, students will work closely with experts. They will continually hone their organizational, communication and interpersonal skills as well as their creative and problem-solving abilities and understanding of the design process.

Spring Term: 1 credit

This course is the first in the Applied Science and Engineering Program. Students interested in the Program should register for this course during the course-selection process in the Spring of their Fourth Form year. During the Fall and Winter Terms of their Fifth Form year, students must complete the non-credit Applied Science and Engineering Prep Seminar. In addition, students must secure a summer externship before the end of the Winter Term of their Fifth Form year and must be selected by the Applied Science and Engineering Commit-tee in order to enroll in this course

Prerequisites depend on the type of externship:

• BIOLOGY: Chemistry and either completion or current enrollment in Biology.
• ENGINEERING: Conceptual Physics or Chemistry and at least one Engineering course.
• COMPUTER SCIENCE: Conceptual Physics or Chemistry and at least one Computer Science or Artificial Intelligence course.
• OTHERS: Prerequisites depend on field of interest (Determined by the Director).

In the Applied Science and Engineering Program Seminar, students will work to prepare for their externships. They will complete a variety of projects throughout the Spring Term that will help them develop skills necessary for their summer externships. All students will complete research to become more familiar with the topics relevant to their summer experience. Biology students will learn a variety of molecular laboratory techniques as well as reading scientific journal articles provided by their labs. Engineering and Computer Science students will master a relevant programming language, complete machine shop and CAD techniques and learn a variety of relevant software, such as MATLAB. Students in other fields will be as-signed relevant tasks in accordance with their field of interest. In addition, students learn important lessons about how to act in the lab environment and how to interact with colleagues in preparation for their summer experience.

Fall Term: 1 credit

[Does not fulfill the arts graduation requirement.]

This course explores the history of storytelling through the structure of the “book” and its conceptual iterations. Analysis of historical creative work will begin with codices from ancient Greece and Rome to Medieval Europe, leading up to learning writing and record keeping practices of non-Western traditions from Asia, Africa and the Americas. In addition to learning the historical traditions of narrative and storytelling, students also will be reading contemporary illustrated narratives including graphic novels, comics, ephemera and digital media. This course offering is designed for those who have no experience or confidence in their artistic abilities, while at the same time allowing students in advanced-level art courses to explore their work through new and different perspectives/processes. Projects are based on studying actual works of art, slide studies, online research and class discussions. Students will practice studio techniques such as book binding, papermaking, painting, creating ink from raw materials and multiple printing processes.

Winter Term: 1 credit

[Does not fulfill the arts graduation requirement.]

This course explores major European art historical movements from the Gothic through Impressionism and up to Modern Art. Taught in conjunction with the SPS gallery, students study the history and techniques of various artists through research, visual analysis and in-studio projects. A general unit will start with a full exploration of a period in the history of art followed by the creation of a work in the style of that era by employing historic materials and techniques. This offering is designed for those who have no experience or confidence in their artistic abilities, while at the same time allows students in advanced-level art courses to explore their work through new and different media. Projects include, but are not limited to, creating and painting with raw pigments using tempera, oil, and encaustic methods, preparation of board and canvas supports using Medieval and modern techniques, printmaking in both intaglio and lithography, and exploring oil painting by glazing and impasto methods. Historical analysis will be done by studying actual works of art, slide studies, online research and class discussions.

Winter Term: 1 credit

This interdisciplinary course explores the spiritual, psychological and medical aspects and benefits of mindfulness/meditation. The course includes research-based inquiry into case studies as well as the neurology behind the amazing benefits of mindfulness/meditation. Students will spend one day per week actually practicing. We will shift from mindfulness-based activities to guided and silent meditation from week to week. We will have at least two guest speakers from the psychosocial and medical fields. The major assessment occurs during the last two weeks of the course, when each student will present a case study in which subjects used mindfulness to overcome various spiritual, psychological and/or medical challenges. Ongoing assessment will include weekly journal entries, participation and student-led discussions based on the topic for each week.

Spring Term: 1 credit

[Does not fulfill the arts graduation requirement.]

Using the Crumpacker Gallery as a classroom, this course explores what is required for the collecting, handling, cataloging and exhibiting of art. Students will study contemporary art movements in the context of recent art history from the latter half of the 20th century. Movements studied include feminist art, conceptual art, performance art, diasporic art and the many facets of high- and low-brow art. Visits to nearby museums and galleries to view exhibits and to meet with gallery directors and curators are scheduled throughout the term. Students work in the gallery lab/studios to explore techniques of restoration and presentation. Emphasis is placed on building observational skills and visual analysis. The St. Paul’s Permanent Collection is an important resource and teaching tool in this course.

Spring Term: 1 credit

How people produce, obtain and prepare their food says something important about their values, health and relationship to the land. In this course, students will investigate the typical modern “Western” diet, how it is produced, and what these things say about society and ourselves. Students will meet farmers and chefs, prepare and share food and get their hands dirty. The course focuses on the particular impacts food has on the climate and opportunities for positive action. It considers the historical developments in agriculture and examines the science of agriculture, ingredients and cuisine as well as the practices of farmers and advocates working to improve our food system. The course draws on a variety of sources, from poetry to non-fiction novels to scientific literature. Ultimately, students will consider and answer for themselves: If we are what we eat, then what are we?